The best platformer games like Super Metroid are Metroid Dread, Hollow Knight and Castlevania: Symphony of the Night. Below are 9, each with the reason it is here — and, at the end, what filtering to platformer costs you.
Filtering to platformer means you want the movement itself to be the pleasure. It is the right filter when the thing you liked was getting from one place to another.
What you get: A game you can judge in ten seconds. Platformers live or die on the jump, and a good one feels right before anything else happens.
What made Super Metroid worth playing in the first place is covered on the full list. This page is the platformer part of that answer, and only the platformer part.
The modern entry, and the best-controlling game in the series.
The genre's high point since, and enormous.
The other half of the genre's name, and still superb.
Made explicitly to be Super Metroid again, down to the glitch mechanics.
The best-animated metroidvania, and much kinder.
A small game with secrets that go far deeper than they look.
Modern metroidvania with excellent combat and a superb map system.
More directed, but the tightest of the 2D entries.
Gorgeous pixel art and deliberate, heavy combat.
Weight. Platformers rarely carry a story you will think about afterwards, and the collectible-led ones can become checklists if you let them.
The full list is on games like Super Metroid — 9 picks, no genre filter.
Metroid Dread. The modern entry, and the best-controlling game in the series.
No. Super Metroid released on the Super Nintendo, but a recommendation is only useful if you can play it, so the picks above span platforms and eras. What they share is the genre and the reason.
Whether the move set is complete early. The great ones give you everything in the first level and spend the rest asking better questions of it; the weak ones drip-feed abilities to disguise thin level design.
Different games. 2D platformers are about precision on a single screen; 3D ones are about reading space and camera. Each pick below says which it is.
By hand. Each pick was written for the full Super Metroid list first, on what the game actually does, and this page is the part of that list that is platformer — never a genre tag lookup, which is how "best racing games like Super Mario 64" used to be a page on this site.
Or read the platformer guide for where to start in the genre generally.